Essay --

ISSUES, CHALLENGES AND WAY FORWARDThere remains considerable gap between the easilyness HR in position and that required for general wellness sector. This shortage is attributed to delays in recruitment and postings not being based on work-load or sanctions. Lack of sound HR management policies has also resulted in irrational distribution of available HR and suboptimal motivation. The envisioned earthly concern health cadre to manage NRHM and NUHM (or now National Health Mission) is not yet in place.Insufficient focus on public health is a major weakness of the system and must be urgently corrected. Effective public health management requires a certain degree of expertise and it calls for an urgent real need for a dedicated public health cadre (with support teams comprising of epidemiologists, entomologists, public health nurses, inspectors and male multipurpose workers) backed by appropriate regulation at the state level.Availability of skilled HR remains a gravestone constrain t in expanding health service delivery. A mere expansion of financial resources devoted to health will not deliver results if health workforce is not available. An expansion of public sector medical schools and public health institutions is necessary in this process.The norms for public health service providers were set long agone and are considered very inadequate according to todays requirements and expectations. Even those under IPHS also need to be revised periodically based on the rapidly changing modern times.The shortfall of doctors and specialists is a serious issue. Availability of public health functionaries is very low. The doctors and specialists in position do not inevitably mean that they are physically present at their respective centres and performing their du... ...the convergence and development of public health systems that are responsive to the health and well being of the people, it is important to recognise the need for a comprehensive strategy that must inc lude the public health HR (both professional and auxiliary health personnel). In India, availability of health HR in the public sector is quantitatively inadequate and most of the States/UTs lack a dedicated public health cadre. To develop a robust public health cadre in our country, the public health HR needs to be strengthened in a systematic, organised and well-planned manner. Though there are certain issues and challenges, yet the creation of a new public health cadre would result in an expeditious public health management system delivered by teams of well-qualified and competent workers who would be able to deal with changing public health priorities in the country.

Lyotard on the Kantian Sublime :: Sublime Philosophy Philosophical Papers

Lyotard on the Kantian SublimeABSTRACT In this essay I explicate J.F. Lyotards reading of the Kantian sublime as presented in Lessons on the Analytic of the Sublime (1994) and in tell the Question What is Postmodernism (1984). Lessons articulates the context in which critical thought situates itself as a zone of virtually infinite creative cognitive content, undetermined by principles but in search of them Answering the Question explores how the virtually infinite creative capacity of thought manifests in the avant-gardes. Essentially, in both works Lyotard understands the Kantian sublime as legitimating deconstructive postmodernism. In the Critique of Judgement Kant defines the sublime as that, the mere world power to think which shows a faculty of the mind surpassing every standard of sense. (1) Such striving for absolute comprehension beyond what the imagination is capable of representing in a simple perception or image may be occasioned by the rawness of scenes like the Great Pyramid of Cheops, the magnitude or immensity of which alludes to the estimation of absolute greatness. (2) Imaginations failure to contain this Idea understandably results in nuisance. (3) But pain is not the end-point characteristic of sublime feeling is a movement of pain to pleasure the feeling of a momentary checking of the vital powers and a consequent stronger outflow of them. (4) In other words one is awestruck nature appears as a mere nothing in comparison with the Ideas of Reason. (5) From this we realize our superiority to nature within and without us and our supersensible destination beyond nature. (6) In this paper I wish to explicate J-F. Lyotards reading of the Kantian sublime. There are lessons to be learned here, as the title of his recent work (1994), Lessons on the Analytic of the Sublime, suggests.Essentially, the heuristic rule function of the sublime is to expose reflective judgment (of which sublime feeling is a species) as the context in which the critical enterprise functions or as the manner in which critical thought situates its own a priori conditions. (7) The Kantian sublime may teach us something else In an earlier work (1984), Answering the Question What is Postmodernism?, Lyotard views the sublime as legitimating the avant-garde as way of extending the critical enterprise to the arts. The method behind the madness of the avant-gardes, Lyotard contends, is incomprehensible unless one is already beaten(prenominal) with the incommensurability of reality to concept which is implied in the Kantian philosophy of the sublime.

St.Augustines Theodicy and St.Irenaeus theodicy as a weak response to

Augustines theodicy is greatly influenced by the creation stories of the Old Testament (Genesis 1-3). While thinking about Augustines theodicy it is worth bearing in mind that he interpreted the Genesis hi storey as a literal account of the origins of the world and also as a mythological story that communicated values and meaning. While most Christians today would non suggest that the Genesis story is liter eachy true, they still value the ideas Augustine puts forward in his theodicy. Augustines theodicy is basically- graven image is perfect and creates perfection (garden of Eden), God gave us forgive will which we in turn misuse which in turn leads to the fall of man and therefore nuisance comes into the world. So now the whole world is evil and corrupted, Natural Evil is then a result of this corruption. Everyone after the fall shares in the sins of Adam- Original Sin, until the Nazarene saves us by dying for our sins on the cross. In the book of Romans (512) it says Therefor e, just as sin came into the world through one man, and death came through sin, and so death shall spread to all because all have sinned. Therefore humanity is responsible for evil. But some may say that God gave us free will in the first place and if God is all knowing then He knew the fall would happen and therefore he is not all loving or all powerful as he knew evil would come into the world and yet did nothing about it. Vardy comes up with an analogy that plant life with St.Augustines theodicy- the story about the prince and the peasant, a rich prince falls in love with a peasant but knows that if he went up to her clad in his rich fine cottons and silks then she would not truly love him but love what he has. So the prince disguises himself as another peasant and woos ... ...so a story of a girl who is beaten and beaten by her parents but does not know why because she is so young. Ivan would say that having free will is still not worth itOn the other hand some believe that Ir enaeus Theodicy is effective. They may say that the theory works well with evolution, in the sense that the world was bountiful and it must be made into perfection. They say that we were once imperfect and have since improved and evolved but this would happen through suffering and therefore it is possible to lot the two theories together. Having to suffer in order to achiever the virtues seems sensible and logical as many sportsmen will know that pain shows that your working hard, this also ties in with the aesthetic principle. Personally I believe that the Irenaeun Theodicy is weak and feeble as there is just too much evil in the world in comparison to the good.

The African Queen Essay -- essays research papers

THE AFRICAN QUEENShort Summary"The African cigarette" is the storey of two companions with opposite personalities who developan untrustworthy love affair as they travel together downriver in Africa around the start of World state of war I. They struggle against the climate, the river, the bugs, the Germans and, to the highest degree of all, against each other. In the course of much misery, they develop love and respect for each other.Detailed SummaryIn September 1914, the German occupying forces hold einsteinium Africa.The story starts in a small village that is overlorded by a stuffy British missionary, Reverent Samuel Sayer and his spinster, prudish sister ruddiness Sayer, who is utterly devoted to her associate. Rose is also very naive and pious. She thinks, God would not permit a war between England and Germany or the whole world..some(a) day, German military personnel marches into that village. Merciless, without any warning, these troops invade the village, they burn down the huts and the church. Livestock, poultry, pots and pans and foodstuffs even the portable chapel had been taken by the German soldiers. merely the mission bungalow was spared. Samuel goes on praying the awful calamity of war which has desc caned upon the world would soon pass away, so that slaughter and destruction would cease and that when they had regained their sanity work force would turn from war to universal peace. Because of this war they were cut off from all communications and the rest of the world. Samuel thinks the Germans responsible for the outbreak of the war and all the sufferings. Rose is confounded as her brother suffers a nervous breakdown. He realises that his lifes work has been destroyed and instantly loses his mind. He dies very soon after that, while Rose weeps at his bedside. One day by and by the sharp sound of a steamboat whistle could be heard in the village. A gin-drinking, cigar-smoking man, called Charlie Allnutt, arrives. He is the owner of this old, 30-foot ramshackle steam named "The African Queen". He supplies the village with mails and news.Charlie offers Rose both to rescue her and escape from here and bury her brothers corpse. They have to use the old, ramshackle African Queen, since he has blasting gelatine, cylinders of group O and hydrogen as new cargo.They have a dangerous and difficult escape route They have to pass the large substitution Africa lake at the end of the dang... ...erested in. Actually he is married, but this was a long time ago and so he dont care about it. But he is also an realist and he thinks about his actions. The marriage with Rose is not only a love-marriage, he realises that he has no job no money and no future without Rose.& angstrom unitnbspCecile Scott Forester - curriculum vitae -C.S. Forester was born in Cairo in 1899.His father was stationed there as a government official.He studied care for at Guys Hospital but he left Geyswithout getting doctors degree. Fr om that moment he beganto start he writing career. His first master(prenominal) success was the original "Payment Deferred". In 1932 Forester was offered a Hollywood contract. Until 1939 he spent a lot of time in America.During the war he entered the Ministry of Information and laterhe went to the Royal Navy to collect materials for his take for "The Ship".Then he made a voyage to the Bering Sea to adjoin material for a similar book on the United States Navy. During this trip he was strickenwith Arteriosclerosis, a disease with left him crippled. But he keepto write and created his book "Captain Hornblower".He died in 1966. The African Queen Essay -- essays research papers THE AFRICAN QUEENShort Summary"The African Queen" is the tale of two companions with different personalities who developan untrustworthy love affair as they travel together downriver in Africa around the start of World War I. They struggle against the climate, t he river, the bugs, the Germans and, most of all, against each other. In the course of much misery, they develop love and respect for each other.Detailed SummaryIn September 1914, the German occupying forces hold East Africa.The story starts in a small village that is overlorded by a stuffy British missionary, Reverent Samuel Sayer and his spinster, prudish sister Rose Sayer, who is utterly devoted to her brother. Rose is also very naive and pious. She thinks, God would not permit a war between England and Germany or the whole world..Some day, German troops marches into that village. Merciless, without any warning, these troops invade the village, they burn down the huts and the church. Livestock, poultry, pots and pans and foodstuffs even the portable chapel had been taken by the German soldiers.Only the mission bungalow was spared. Samuel goes on praying the awful calamity of war which has descended upon the world would soon pass away, so that slaughter and destruction would cease and that when they had regained their sanity men would turn from war to universal peace. Because of this war they were cut off from all communications and the rest of the world. Samuel thinks the Germans responsible for the outbreak of the war and all the sufferings. Rose is helpless as her brother suffers a nervous breakdown. He realises that his lifes work has been destroyed and instantly loses his mind. He dies very soon after that, while Rose weeps at his bedside. One day later the sharp sound of a steamboat whistle could be heard in the village. A gin-drinking, cigar-smoking man, called Charlie Allnutt, arrives. He is the owner of this old, 30-foot ramshackle steamer named "The African Queen". He supplies the village with mails and news.Charlie offers Rose both to rescue her and escape from here and bury her brothers corpse. They have to use the old, ramshackle African Queen, since he has blasting gelatine, cylinders of oxygen and hydrogen as new cargo.They have a dang erous and difficult escape route They have to pass the large Central Africa lake at the end of the dang... ...erested in. Actually he is married, but this was a long time ago and so he dont care about it. But he is also an realist and he thinks about his actions. The marriage with Rose is not only a love-marriage, he realises that he has no job no money and no future without Rose.&nbspCecile Scott Forester - curriculum vitae -C.S. Forester was born in Cairo in 1899.His father was stationed there as a government official.He studied medicine at Guys Hospital but he left Geyswithout getting doctors degree. From that moment he beganto start he writing career. His first important success was thenovel "Payment Deferred". In 1932 Forester was offered a Hollywood contract. Until 1939 he spent a lot of time in America.During the war he entered the Ministry of Information and laterhe went to the Royal Navy to collect materials for his book "The Ship".Then he made a voyage to the Bering Sea to gather material for a similar book on the United States Navy. During this trip he was strickenwith Arteriosclerosis, a disease with left him crippled. But he continuedto write and created his book "Captain Hornblower".He died in 1966.

Free Catcher in the Rye Essays: Holdens Phony Phobia :: Catcher Rye Essays

H white-hairedens Phony Phobia in The Catcher in the rye whiskey What does phony mean to you? Do you consider it something that is non what it really seems? Or even something or someone that isnt normal in all ways or just in some? Phony is one of the words in the English literature that can have numerous interpretations. Can be world phony possibly hinder an attempt to accomplish a task to amply function mentally? Can phony delay an individuals maturing period? In J.D. Salingers Catcher in the Rye, Holdens phony phobia restricts him from becoming a fully matured adult. In Holdens attempted journey in becoming a fully matured adult, he encounters many scenarios involving friendships, personal opinions, and his love of children. His journey is an unpleasant and difficult one with many lessons learned along the way. Holden possesses abnormal relationships with some of the characters in Catcher in the Rye. Many of his friends and those he talks highly intimately are young children. He does not make any negative comments about these companions, and there is no mention whatsoever of phony. Holden has a strong relationship with Phoebee, his younger sister. Holden vocalizes about the fact Phoebee can visit him anytime in the summer, What Id do, Id let old Phoebee came out and visit me in the summertime and on Christmas vacation and Easter vacation (205). Holden shows a solid liking to his sister and is always wanting her by his side. He finds a hard time associating with older, mature individuals. Also, a strong relationship with Allie his deceased younger brother, is apparent due to the twenty references in the novel. In fact, most of Holdens fondest memories are of those times with his younger siblings. His comments of innocence help establish this connection. Someone who is trying to learn the stages of developing into a mature adult would not develop as soon, or as fully when spending their time solely with those who are five to seven years of age. They would not experience the counsellor from older adults to correct wrong behavior. The guidance of an elder isnt present and they need to learn by themselves. Harrison Smith has defined Holdens friendships quite clearly What was wrong with Holden was his moral revulsion against anything that was ugly, evil, cruel, or what he called phony and his acute responsiveness to beauty and innocence, especially the innocence of the very young.

Comparative Analysis of Economic and Political Cleavages in South Afric

Comparative Analysis of Economic and Political Cleavages in South Africa and ZimbabweIntroduction Comparative politics is concerned with examining the characteristics or qualities of two incompatible governmental entities to discover resemblances or differences. These entities can be general in nature, for example, the comparison of two countries, or more particularised in nature, comparing two different systems of government. But, whether general or specific in nature, relative politics tries to determine what caused the governments to form in the way that they did. One way to do this is to look for the cleavages that touched each of the countries in question. A cleavage is a split that occurs within a culture and can cause conflict Cleavages can be in the form of Economic divisions amongst two or more groups establish on financial considerations. Ethnic divisions between two or more groups based on cultural beliefs. Political divisions between two or more parties involv ing conflicting ideologies. Racial divisions between two or more races. Regional divisions between two or more groups based on geographical concerns. Religious divisions between two or more religious groups with differing beliefs. This paper intends to demonstrate that the comparative method may be used to better understand the socioeconomic and political cleavages within two specific countries, and that this study may lead to a clearer understanding of the issues within the chosen countries that are causing those divisions. The countries that will be examined in this brief study of cleavages are Zimbabwe and the Republic of South Africa. It is hoped that by examining specific socioeconomic cleavages of the two countries in th... ...izer. Mbeki should do something similar. The health of a country ultimately resides in the well-being of its citizens. Works Cited Dunn, Kate. Learning from Zimbabwes bitter lessons. Christian recognition Monitor. 09/15/2000, Vol. 92 Issue 206, p 8. Dunn, Kate. Surfeit of Ideas, But still no land reform in Zimbabwe. Christian Science Monitor. 11/08/2000, Vol. 92 Issue 243, p 7. The Economist, South Africas anxious eyes on Zimbabwe. 04115/2000, Vol. 355 Issue 8166, p 39. The Economist, Zimbabwes tighter belts, and shorter tempers. 0/28/00, Vol. 355, p 41. Meldrurn, Andrew. African leaders criticize Mugabe for spring up seizures. www.guardianunlimited.co.uk, 12/01/2000. Owen, Danielle. Land reform overdue in South Africa, Progress Report. www.progress.org UNAIDS. www.unaids.org. Statistics of AIDS on a country by country basis.

Comparative Analysis of Economic and Political Cleavages in South Afric

Comparative Analysis of Economic and Political Cleavages in south Africa and ZimbabweIntroduction Comparative politics is concerned with examining the characteristics or qualities of deuce different political entities to discover resemblances or differences. These entities suffer be general in nature, for example, the comparison of two countries, or more(prenominal) specific in nature, comparing two different systems of government. But, whether general or specific in nature, comparative politics tries to determine what caused the governments to form in the way that they did. One way to do this is to look for the cleavages that affected each of the countries in question. A cleavage is a split that occurs within a culture and can cause conflict Cleavages can be in the form of Economic divisions between two or more groups based on financial considerations. Ethnic divisions between two or more groups based on cultural beliefs. Political divisions between two or more parties in volving conflicting ideologies. Racial divisions between two or more races. Regional divisions between two or more groups based on geographical concerns. Religious divisions between two or more religious groups with differing beliefs. This reputation intends to demonstrate that the comparative method whitethorn be used to better understand the socioeconomic and political cleavages within two specific countries, and that this study may lead to a clearer understanding of the issues within the chosen countries that are causing those divisions. The countries that will be examined in this brief study of cleavages are Zimbabwe and the Republic of South Africa. It is hoped that by examining specific socioeconomic cleavages of the two countries in th... ...izer. Mbeki should do something similar. The health of a state ultimately resides in the well-being of its citizens. Works Cited Dunn, Kate. Learning from Zimbabwes vitriolic lessons. Christian wisdom Monitor. 09/15/2000, Vol. 92 Issue 206, p 8. Dunn, Kate. Surfeit of Ideas, But still no land reform in Zimbabwe. Christian Science Monitor. 11/08/2000, Vol. 92 Issue 243, p 7. The Economist, South Africas anxious eyes on Zimbabwe. 04115/2000, Vol. 355 Issue 8166, p 39. The Economist, Zimbabwes tighter belts, and shorter tempers. 0/28/00, Vol. 355, p 41. Meldrurn, Andrew. African leaders criticize Mugabe for farm seizures. www.guardianunlimited.co.uk, 12/01/2000. Owen, Danielle. Land reform overdue in South Africa, Progress Report. www.progress.org UNAIDS. www.unaids.org. Statistics of AIDS on a country by country basis.

Opposition to the break with Rome

In my opinion I feel that the views of B and C regarding the enforcement of the renewal differentiate reasonably. Source B suggests that the enforcement was made majorly rapid and describes a lot of the events to take place on the same day, all described as perfect and probative. The execution of Elizabeth Barton, the Nun of Kent helped hydrogen show what the consequences may have been if more threatening action arose. Along with the execution of the Nun of Kent along with Friars Observants, monks and a secular priest was the highly significant treason act.This was a radical act which gave Henry exceeding power which only added to his enforcement over the reformation. As well as this came the propaganda campaign urging people to side with the Royal Supremacy. Over all B depicts the enforcement of the reformation to be obtrusive, vicious and swift. It is more or less illustrating Henry to have bombarded the habitual with executions, acts and oaths to make un till his support for the Royal Supremacy seemed strong enough, withal from historical evidence this is far from the case. Source C on the other hand describes the enforcement of the reformation to be subtle and over a long period of time.It appears as though over the years it has slowly magnanimous until it finally reached the status of a reformation. It explains that adjustments were made slowly and progressively as to not cause an up roar or major disturbance. This can be said true as the break with Rome lasted over such a long period and involved the activities of Henry gradually stretching the Popes forbearance beginning with simple proposals yet building up to his separation with the English Church, his name being erased from the service books and all memory of him as head of the church building being removed.The public ate their reformation as it was disguised in pleasant sweet wrappers. Through propaganda the piecemeal reformation was not seen as significant un till the enforcement was solid a nd there was no questions left to be made. This differs with the views o B in that B describes the reformation to be majorly rested upon This day. abrupt actions which led to the finalized reformation, the final break with Rome, unlike C where support was first gained and power was enforced, like a slow trickling tap it will eventually contain up the bath although it will go unheard and unnoticed.On a level the two sources are similar in that they becalm both contrive some resilience, and retaliation to the radical changes being enforced. Source B God, if it be his pleasure, have mercy on their souls suggests that there were people who were taking note of Henrys actions and acquiring an opposing view although their statuses did not allow them to disagree with the King publically.C, the Conservative people of England would find a wholesale Reformation distasteful also suggests that if the public would have been more conscious of Henrys full intentions, the laid back manner of the majority of the public would have been much less common. Both the sources seem to advise that the enforcement of the Reformation was purposeful, it was not only Henrys desire for a divorce, and the break with Rome was in Henrys full intentions.I think that although the two sources agree about the reception to the reformation and the progressive build up of more radical, noticeable movements, they differ on how they deliver the enforcement of the reformation, B depicting it on quick ferocious accounts whereas C reflecting it more as a slow creeping hold over the public. B) I think that overall Henry and Cromwell were very successful in containing the electric resistance to the beak with Rome, there was very little opposition that actually raised itself and any major threats were dealt with effectively to conclude in Henry with the aid of Cromwell win with the break with Rome.Source A agrees on the terms that Henry and Cromwell successfully obtained opposition. I trust that the b lessed King shows the awareness of Henrys actions against the Catholic Pope however the source still supports Henrys malice against the bishop of Rome ad still describes the belief left in the King. This source implies opposition was successfully obtained as the source still shows full support towards Henry. The use of bishop of Rome instead of Pope also highlights the fact that this source sides with Henry and his path towards the break with Rome and the willingness of the source (and writer) to catch his lead.Source C also shows support towards the statement in question B. The meal was more manageable suggests that any opposition did not arise due to Henry and Cromwells cleverly schemed tactics of feeding implications towards the break with Rome in tiny morsels so that no opposition took notice as there did not appear to be any radical or extreme movements being made which was also likely to of been disguised even more so by the aid of propaganda so highly favoured by Henry and Cromwell. This too diverted the publics attention away from the slowly growing reformation onto less offensive topics.

Discuss one explanation of Personality Development and evaluate its conclusion

For this assignment I am going to discuss Freuds perspective of nature culture. Freud utilise psychoanalytic theories that atomic number 18 based roughly the emotional development of the personality, whereas Eriksons psychosocial opening focuses more on the role of social factors in development. Personality development cigaret be broken down into trine strands within Freuds theory the personality structure, defence mechanisms and psychosexual development.Personality domiciliate be defined as the characteristic and characteristic patterns of thought, emotion, and deportment that define an individuals personal style, and influence his or her interactions with the environment. (Atkinson et al, 1992)Freud developed his theories by psychoanalysing adults, mostly middle-aged women and individuals with personality problems. He used various methods to training his patients, such as, dream analysis which are interpretations of individuals dreams as they are a window on the uncons cious (Davenport, 1988), free association where the person is given a word or a phrase and encouraged to say the starting time thing that enters their head and slips of the tongue which is when a person says something in error but these can subconsciously reflect what they really mean.Freud suggests that adult personality is derived from the interaction between the desires for pleasure and how early desires were gratified. He believed that all human behaviour is controlled by drives, which he relates to human instincts. Freud insisted that there are two forces feeding our instinctual urges with energy the Libido and the Death Instinct the Libido universe a sexual energy and the Death Instinct being more of an aggressive energy.According to Freud, the adult human mind is made up of three different parts and levels of awareness the unconscious mind, which he named the Id the preconscious mind, which he named the Superego, and the conscious mind, which he named the Ego.The Id is at t he centre of a persons very being. It is the initial part of a humans personality structure, which exists, right from birth and can be expound as the most primitive instinct. This part of the personality craves satisfaction and pleasure therefore it has been coined the pleasure principle.The Ego is cognise as the second part of the personality structure. This is the part of our personality that keeps us in touch with reality. Its aim is to protect us and it helps us to perform tasks safely therefore-coined the reality principle. The Ego controls both new(prenominal) parts of the personality, the Id and the Superego, which help keep our lives in balance.The last part of the personality structure is the Superego. This is the part that moulds our morals and conscience. It helps pr unconstipatedt us from doing things, which we have learnt and know to be morally wrong therefore this part has been coined the morality principle. The ego holy person exists as part of the superego. Rathe r than telling us what we should non do, the ego ideal tells us what is good and what we should do and be like. If the person has a strong superego they are more likely to have stronger morals than a person with a weak superego.Because the Id and the Superego are always conflicting against one another, the Ego needs to have strategies to reduce anxiety. This helps push problems away and in a way pretending the problems dont exist, a form of denial, these are known as defence mechanisms. Another defence mechanism is repression this is where the Ids impulses are blocked from reaching the conscious mind. There are a number of other defence mechanisms, including projection where unacceptable desires or characteristics are projected on to someone else, and displacement this refers to the transfer of repressed desires or impulses onto a substitute person or object. (Mike Cardwell, 2000) Freuds contributions with his theories on defence mechanisms are still being practiced today and are e xperienced as binding and useful.According to Freud we acquire our personalities in several stages, known as psychosexual development. Freud thought that different parts of our bodies become particularly sensitive as we erect through these different stages he called these areas erogenous zones. (Davenport, 1988)As children grow up and are experiencing the stages of psychosexual development, different parts of their bodies become more sensitive, first the mouth, thence the anus, then the phallus, and finally the genitals. The libido seeks pleasure through these erogenous zones.The five different stages of psychosexual development are labelled asThe Oral layer this is the first year of a babys life where the baby gains pleasure from sucking and biting. The Id exists here right from birth.The Anal Stage this is about the age of one to about three years where the pleasure derives from retaining and expelling faeces. At this stage the Ego begins to develop.The Phallic Stage this i s around three until six years where the sensitivity is placed around the genitals. This is the where the Oedipal Complex or the Electra Complex unfolds. It is during this stage the Superego starts to develop.The Latency Period this is around seven until twelve years where the body seems to have no sensitised area. A child will be more interested in interacting with other people but are not strongly attracted to others.The Genital Stage this is around the age of 14 to 17 years. The child becomes more aware of the opposite gender and a sexual awareness is developed.The Oedipal Conflict that occurs in the Phallic Stage involves the child experiencing feelings of desire for the opposite-sex parent. The child experiences a fear that the same sex parent will find out and punish them for this, resulting in feelings of envy and the development of castration anxiety. Whilst all this is happening to the child subconsciously, they start to become more like the same sex parent adopting their characteristics to conquer the Oedipal Conflict, (known as the Electra Complex in girls). This is known as Identification. His ideas on psychosexual development are known to be quite controversial, as they seem to be overly obsessed with sexuality. Freud developed the theory that sex was a major motivational force at a time of great sexual repression. This could have caused sex to be something that was repressed in many minds (Beryard & Hayes, 1994).Freud alleges emotional disturbances that occur in adult life could be to do with poor psychosexual development. He believes that a person could be fixated at an early pleasure seeking stage of the development. This is caused if the child experiences severe problems or excessive gratification at any of the stages. The adult may display lapsing whereby their behaviour could become less mature and similar to behaviour displayed at the stage, which they are fixated. Freud places great importance on the roles of regression and fixation in find personality.Freuds theories have not been without criticism, they have mostly been criticised for being unscientific. His research support seems to be rather weak as the case studies he carried out generally consisted of adults, mostly middle-aged women, from the same culture, so the results may be biased. The only child Freud studied was Little Hans, a five-year-old boy, who suffered from a phobia.Freuds evidence for his explanation of how childrens personalities grow does not come from experiments or any scientifically acceptable means of data collection. It doesnt even come from observing normal children. It comes from the dreams and spoken memory of a relatively runty number of people who mostly lived in Vienna, who had some personality problems. (Davenport, 1988) Another method Freud used to analysis people was hypnosis. This was another widely criticised method, as even Freud admitted himself can be suggestive.However, despite many criticisms Freud remains known for ha ving the most influential impact in modern psychology, especially in the areas of abnormal behaviour and psychotherapy. Today his ideas are used in everything from childcare, education, literary criticism, and psychiatry. He founded the psychoanalytic movement, which today many Neo-Freudians still actively use, although the emphasis of it is different.

Lead Person-Centred practice Essay

1) Person centred practice is dedicated to bearing raft to develop their lives and converge their ambitions. Every somebody postulate support to plan in a way that is meaningful to them and therefore we atomic number 18 flexible and innovative to even off this a truly inclusive process. A Plan can be carried out in different ways, it could be hand written, presented on the PC as a PowerPoint, could be filmed, made into a music video, put on a DVD, the most important aspect is that the single(a) has created it with support from individuals who know them well so they can tell individuals who do not know them well how to support them. There are four main approaches to person centred practice, Pathway planning, Maps planning, Person centred portfolios ( early(a)wise cognise as Essential Lifestyle Planning) and Personal Future Planning. chance upon moreexplain how legislation policy or guidance underpin ego-reliant supportPathway Planning A Pathway Plan sets out the arrangements to meet the needs of a young person so that they can train the right steps into adulthood. The process of making the Pathway Plan starts just before the young persons 16th birthday and lasts until they are 21 (or longer if the young person is in education or training).The Pathway Plan is usually put together by the Children and Young Peoples Service but exit involve others who have business to provide support. The young person is always involved and is at the centre of this process. Maps Planning MAPs focal point strongly on a desirable future or dream and what it would take to move closer to that. Individual Service Design focuses on the recent to help deepen the shared understanding and commitment to the person.ELP Essential Lifestyle Planning is a guided process for culture how someone wants to live and exploitation a plan to help make it happen. Personal Future Planning Personal Futures Planning is a planning process that involves Getting to know the person and what her life is like now.Developing ideas near what she would like in the future.Taking action to move towards this, which involves exploring possibilities within the community and looking at what needs to vary within expediencys.Each has a particular approach that is appropriate for different individuals in different situations. The McGill Action Planning System (MAPS) brings together a meeting of concourse who help to identify the focus on service users talents and needs, and to negotiate changes to their routines based on their desires and aspirations. Essential Lifestyle Planning was developed for those individuals whom Stalker and Campbell (1998) cite as people with severe reputations. It is commonly used to plan for those who are moving out of institutions.Personal Futures Planning focuses less on services and tends towards grammatical construction relationships with family, friends and the wider community. PATHS can be used in the development of individual action plans. As a M anager I would be promoting all of the above as all have the akin ethos behind them and that is the individual in the centre and the support working with the individual to achieve future goals and aspirations. It is vital that the individual is give away and we as supporting others aid them to achieve their goals and where needed adapt services so these can be met. I am alert that some goals may be unrealistic and perhaps unachievable e.g.I want to play football for Chelsea, but we can support them to organise a trip to see a match, look around the stadium but also source a local football team for them to join and explain that they need to teach the skills to play for a premier league but everyone has to start somewhere. This way you are encouraging them to take control of setting and achieving their goals. Encouraging and supporting individuals to make informed choices can only enhance their lives and ensure they are listened too by family members, supporting agencies and oth ers who they may meet. If an individual smell outs listened to and included this can lead to numerous positive life experiences. completely People with a accomplishment disability are people first with the right to lead their lives like any others, with the same opportunities and responsibilities, and to be treated with the same dignity and respect. They and their families and carers are entitled to the same aspirations and life chances as other citizens The 4 Principles of Valuing People flatRightsPeople with learning disabilities and their families have the same humanrights as everyone else.Independent livingThis does not mean living on your own or having to do everything yourself. All modify people should have greater choice and control over the support they need to go about their daily lives greater access to housing, education, employment, leisure and witch opportunities and to participation in family and community life.ControlThis is about being involved in and in contro l of decisions made about your life. This is not usually doing on the button what you want, but is about having information and support to understand the different options and their implications and consequences, so people can make informed decisions about their own lives.InclusionThis convey being able to participate in all the aspects of community to work, learn, get about, meet people, be part of social networks and access goods and services and to have the support to do so.PersonalisationMore people with learning disabilities should be able to commission their own services to live independently and have real choice about the way they live their lives.Having a LifeTo make sure people with learning disabilities have the same life opportunities as any other citizen pause HealthAll people with learning disabilities get the healthcare and the support they need to live healthy lives.HousingAll people with learning disabilities and their families are able to choose where and with w hom they live.Work, education and getting a lifeAll people with learning disabilities and their families have a fulfilling life of their own that includes opportunities to work, study and relish social and leisure activities.Relationships and having a familyPeople with learning disabilities should have the choice to have relationships, become parents and continue to be parents, and the support todo so.People as CitizensTo make sure people with learning disabilities are treated as equal citizensAdvocacyAll people with learning disabilities can speak up and be heard about what they want from their lives the big decisions and the everyday choices. If they need support to do this, they should be able to get it.TransportAll people with learning disabilities will be able to use public transport unhazardously and easily and get hold confident to do so. Leisure and social activitiesAll people with learning disabilities will be able to use local mainstream services such as leisure centre s, sport facilities, libraries, cinemas, restaurants and shopping centres. Being safe in the community and at homeAll people with learning disabilities will be able to lead their lives in safe environments and will feel confident that their right to live safely is upheld by the criminal justice system.Access to justice and redressAll people with learning disabilities will feel able to make a complaint or seek legal redress they will be treated with the same dignity and respect as any other citizen.Making it happenTo make sure Valuing People Now happensLeadership and delivery structuresLeadership, delivery and partnership structures must be in place to make sure Valuing People Now happens.Partnership BoardsAll local authorities need strong and effective Partnership Boards with clear commitment from key local decision makers and the authentic involvement of people with learning disabilities and family carers.Better CommissioningCommissioning needs to support the right outcomes for peo ple with learning disabilities and their families.Developing the WorkforceThe workforce across public services need to have the appropriate support and training to make sure Valuing People Now happens for all people withlearning disabilities and their families.Measuring performanceBoth NHS and Local authorities will be required to measure how well they do in making sure Valuing People Now happens.2) As a manager it is my responsibility to ensure all provide receive the appropriate training, this includes Person Centred Planning. This will give each individual a background behind PCP and why is it important within our setting. Each Service user has a designated Keyworker and it is their responsibility to upkeep the paperwork, appointments, Medical appointments, Planning and PCP. All Keyworkers have a monthly meeting and they discuss goals, aspirations, future projects, obstacles and any other relevant topics. This is attested and when necessary transferred to the individuals PCP. Th e service user will keep hold of their PCP and with their permission a copy is kept in their file so staff can keep up to betrothal with any changes. A PCP is a working roll and forever changing in accordance to individual needs.Everyone in an individuals life can be included should they communicate this. People who may be important will be Family members, advocates, friends, other professionals and any other person they deem important. It is important with consent that all relevant individuals are involved so we gain a great brainwave and over view of an individual so we can support them with the best possible outcome. I ensure all staff are up to date with new documentation via, communication book, team meetings, supervisions and adhoc discussions. I support my staff team to work in a person centred way by ensuring training, systematic communication, being a region model, providing easy read versions of the valuing people now, being flexible and open to new ideas. I will supp ort all keyworkers with the implementation of PCPs by endureing one to one support before to talk through the different stages I will offer to support the keyworker meetings until the staff member and service user feel confident to move forward on their own, Explain to staff the different approaches and the flexibility a PCP has to offer an individual.The most important factor any staff need to know is the person is at the centre, it does not matter how they document it or the format as long as the individuals needs, wishes and aspirations are clearly detailed so they are supported to reach their full potential. I willdemonstrate different ways of documenting e.g. PowerPoint presentation, DVD with the individual talking, Music CD, Scrap book, Photos, pictures from magazines etc It is also important to remember people change and this needs to be monitored as individuals will want to change goals or aspirations and may need support to do this. As a Manager I march on staff to review PCPs at each keyworker meeting to ensure they are current and denote the individuals needs and wishes. The role of a Keyworker is vital and the individual must feel comfortable and at ease with this person. As a manager I encourage each service user to choose where possible their keyworker as this will be an important working relationship. 3)It is vital that the individual actively participates in their PCP as this document will enhance their everyday living and future goals. This document will empower the individual and bring them quality of life knowing that all the people in their life are working consistently and towards common goals. If an individual feels included in devising their PCP they will have a maven of worth and also understanding of their own needs. Also by including all the people who are important to the individual they will feel positive and self assured by others commenting on the things they do well and how they will support them to achieve their dreams, it wi ll make then feel loved listened too.By encouraging the key working system to evaluate the PCP and their support needs in general it allows an individual to be open and honest and for us to actively listen to enhance our service and meet an individuals needs. We are aware of risk taking and support positive risk taking as it is important for individuals to experience different activities. We complete risk assessments for each individual to ensure they are safe but we also espy that there are times when these will be void as individuals will want to take risks. We have to be aware of the risks and discuss these with them or as a multi disciplinary team as a best interest, as it is important that the risk is the right risk for an individual.

Hearing Loss Attributed to the 21st Century use of Personal Music Player Essay

In the recent few years leisure hindrance has become bingle of the threats to the hearing as it sens reach high gear record books and an change magnitude number of pile are exposed. The danger is non only exposed by the melody from the clubs but also it has been extended to the new extension of music role players which are known to produce sounds at high volumes. Across Europe it is estimated that millions of people are exploitation private music players on a perfunctory basis and in most of the cases these gadgets are being used inappropriately putting the user at a great risk of ear damage.This is a serious concern as the emerging technology whitethorn cause numerous tasks to the people who are fond of using these pleasure gadgets. To add flavor into the injury the users are exposing themselves to this particular danger for a ache cartridge clip as they are spending substantial time earshot to music using ear phones. The amount of time one exposes to the sound of loud music from the ain music players increases the chances of hearing loss. The children and the y out(a)h are at risk as they arouse been noted to constitute the highest proportion of users.In this paper I will discuss the dangers involved in the use of individualised music player and at the same time bring into the understanding who should be beltd for the hearing loss as a result of the constant use of these gadgets. Is it the makers of the ad hominem music players or should we blame the users for putting their life at risk? A scientific study that was carried out for the European Union revealed that noise from the personal music players is a routine pollution for many an different(prenominal) people.It threatens permanent damage of the ear to as many as hundred million people in Europe and otherwise parts of the world. The report indicated that those people who listened to the music for a continuous five hours per week on high volume were exposing themselves to high n oise than it is allowed in the factory work places. This means that users of the personal music player who prefer to listen to their music on high volume are at a worse position than workers who are located in a noisy factory in an industrial hub.(Linkov,I and Steevens,J 2009 359) Experts argue that the maximum volume from these equipments can generate as much noise as an aero plane that is taking off. That kind of noise is enough to make a person bring on a quick and permanent hearing loss. The worst thing according to this report is that the users do not realize the problem until very late. This is the time when the damage has already been caused and nothing can be done nearly it.It is a very sad situation where a young person with bright future prospects losings his or her ability to hear at such an early age, it can be a very devastating experience but whom do we blame? Do we pass the buck to the manufacturer of these gadgets fro their neglect or do we blame the users for som etimes knowingly exposing themselves to dangers through their constant use of the music players. (Jameson,P and Romer,D 2008 347) The MP3 generation is headed for permanent hearing impairment in the cause of their lives.The youth are at the greatest risk as well as the older people too, in twenty seven countries across Europe it is estimated that fifty to a hundred million people out of five hundred people may be earshot to a take-away personal music player at any given time. Equivalents of five percent listeners who expose themselves to these new generation fun gadgets for more than one hour are at the greatest risk. These statistics shed raised fears among some people prompting them to take some actions so as to avoid a future generation which has numerous problems which has been caused by things which can only be described as luxurious.In the year 2006 a man in Louisiana sued one of the manufacturing firms, The Apple claiming that this company had failed to take enough steps t o prevent the problem of hearing loss among the users of one its prevalent product, the iPod. The suit which was filed in a federal district court in California city of San Jose claimed that iPod produces a sound which is as loud as one hundred and fifteen decibels when the maximum sound that is considered safe for listening is eighty five decibels.To this man the Apple Company was to blame for the problem that is threatening to nominate millions of deaf people in some years to come. I tend to disagree with his sentiments as it is clearly evident that the ipods sold by this company and many other manufacturer comes with a warning in the manual where the users are warned about the dangers they expose themselves into through playing the music in high volumes from their personal music players. It is blatantly clear that the users expose themselves to the risk of hearing loss through ignoring the warnings given by the manufacturers.The companies can not escape blame too, such warnings are printed using very tiny fonts such that not all the users cleverness get a chance to read the small inscriptions which are usually placed on a page where the user might not even see. (Kirk,R and Mayshork,C 2007 73) The risk involved do not only come from ipods, the portable phones and personal stereos pose a convertible problem as their earphones bestows to a high sound exposure than any other type of a listening device.It has been stressed that young people who continue to expose themselves through listening to the high volume music from their music devices usually run into the risk of underdeveloped some hearing complications by the time they hit their twenties. Problems such as persistent tinnitus which is induced by high volume music has been reported general among the people in their youth and are constant users of the personal music devices. Despite this problem the same people continue using these devices.Therefore the problem squarely lies with the users, they are clearly aware of the risks involved, they have gone through numerous problems which have been as a result of their insatiable appetite for entertainment but they still continue to expose themselves to the risk. This can only be termed as deliberate move by these users to abuse themselves and it is for this reason we can not blame the companies for the problems that are being experienced by the MP3 generation. The manufacturing firms only came to fill the gap that existed they offer satisfaction to the people who are keen on entertainment especially when they are on move.They have clearly indicated the dangers one can expose him or herself to if the device is not used properly, that is if it is put on high volumes but the users choose to ignore such information for their personal reasons. (Tulchinsky,T and Varavikova,N 2000 285) The choices we make in life determine the direction we head, if we make the right ones we will everlastingly be on the right direction, if we happen to ta ke the wrong choices as we mostly do then we are bound to blame others for the trouble we may get ourselves into later in our lives.It is extremely important for us to make the right decision as pertaining what we do as the opposite can lead to devastating effects. People have a choice of either buying a personal music player or any other similar device, they make a choice as to whether they will listen to the music high or low, it is basically a matter of choice. There is nothing about MP3 technology that can directly lead to hearing loss. It is the choice we make.For those users who choose to always put their devices at manageable and recommended sounds the problem of hearing impairment might not affect them but for those who choose to ignore the warnings given by the manufacturers, this problem will affect the rest of their lives. They just make a drop off of listening to the music on loud volumes for too long therefore exposing themselves to al manner of dangers associated with the noise. (Chan,S and Kwok,S 2003 34) The European Union is planning to regulate the volumes on personal music players and other stereos due to the fears that usage of these devices is causing the damage to the ears.This action has been precipitated by the findings of the scientific commission which was given a task of coming out with ways in to which this problem that is threatening the ability of million to hear can be tackled. In normal circumstances the personal music players are allowed to go up to one hundred decibels but when it used with an inbuilt headphones the sound can go up to one hundred and twenty. This is way to a higher place the recommended safe sound volumes which are close to eighty five. The recommended sound levels by the European Union committee are eighty, a figure which has been pointed out as safe enough to warrant any fears.This clearly points out that it is only a matter of educating the users on how they are supposed to go about listening to music usi ng their sophisticated technology. If someone decided to ignore the message, he or she can not blame the manufacturing company for the problems that hearing problems which might come to pass later in life due to inappropriate use of the device (Linkov,I and Steevens,J 2009 359) For the sake of those who ignore the information given by the manufacturers, the makers of these devices should be advised to determine the volume levels so that they do not exceed the recommended limits.Though this might affect their sales it is the right thing to do as it will bear those who have a problem following the given instructions. The company will in the short term suffer minimal losses but in the long term they will have more users as they will have expanded the markets as the effects of these devices to the ears will be minimal. The users will have won the confident of the music players as they have been set according to the standards which are considered safe for average use. (Davis,G 2004 40 )The government can not limit the time a given person will spend on the personal music player. This is an individual choice we spend as much time as we can get on these entertainment gadgets. Therefore it is up to the users to limit themselves as to how long they are going to be exposed . The user should take care that they spend less time listening to the music through their devices to minimise the risk involved. All these points indicate that the manufacturing companies have no role to play as far as the usage of the personal music player is concerned.Their duty is to inform the users of the dangers involved through playing it loud and continuos exposure over a long period. The rest lies with the person using the gadget to decide how much time he or she is going to spend listening and on what volume they will get their music. If one decides to put his or her health at risk you can not turn at the company and blame it for the presonal problems which were as aresult of own volition . The government has the responsibility of ensuring that the manufacturing company follow the standards as far as making of the personal music players is concerned.This will go a long way in saving the users who are conscious about their health. The recommeded standards should include limiting the volume settings to a particular level which can not harm the user even if the decide to ignore the warnings. People need to take a responsibility as far as their actions are concerned. There is a need for every user to take precautiosn as far as usage of these devices is concerned. Inappropriate use can lead to devastatiting health effects which would have been prevented if the user was careful.Technology advancement has come to make our lives easier and more enjoyable. This can only be achieved if we use this technology appropriately,use of personal music player beyond the recommended sound volume can lead to seroius effects which are not related to the manufacturing. The user have all th e responsibility to ensure that this piece of sophistry does not harm him or her rather it serves the right purpose which is entertainment. (Markel,G 2007 25) The manufacturing company should carry a warning on the users who violate the instructions which comes along with the product.They have a responsibility to save the end users from their own ignorance. They can do this through offering and sponsoring sessions where users get to be taught on the proper methods of handling these entertainment equipement. This can help save some people but the biggest part should be played by the end user,they must use the device responsbly so as to avoid complications that might be brought by high sound volumes besides the time spent listening to the music at the expense of other important actiivities such as studying.The sole responsbility of the hearing loss as a result of inappropriate use of the personal music player and other related devices lies squarely on the user. He or she has the abil ity to control its use and therefore ealding a healthy life. (Anderson,B 2004 103) Work Cited Tulchinsky,T and Varavikova,N The New Public healthAn Introduction for the 21st Century,Academic Press (2000) Linkov,I and Steevens,J Nanomaterials ,Spring Publishers (2009) Davis,G How to do Everything with your iPod and iPod Mini,Mac Graw Hill Professionals (2004)Chan,S and Kwok,S Culture and Humanity in the new Milleniumthe Future of Human Value Chinese University Press (2003) Kirk,R and Mayshork,C own(prenominal) Health in Ecological Perspective,Mosby (2007) Markel,G Defeating the 8 Demons of Distraction,Geraldine Markel (2007) Jameson,P and Romer,D The Changing Portrayal of the Adloescents on the Media Since 1950,Oxford University Press (2008) Anderson,B Bringing Business to LifeAchieving Corporate Social Responsibility,ASQ Quality Publishers (2004)

Are Professional Athletes and Actors Overpaid Essay

In this essay I will explore a much debated topic in this country pertaining to the undeniable fact that professional actors and athletes overwhelmingly get paid much higher(prenominal) than the average American. As any highly debated topic, there ar al meanss arguments and viewpoints from both sides of the spectrum. Like many Americans, for amusement I thoroughly enjoy watching both learn and professional sporting events. Even though, I have always maintained a firm stance that many in these professions are simply overpaid. I retrieve once you have remove my research and analysis on this topic, you as well will agree from a sociological, stintingal and even ethical perspective that they are grossly overpaid. Prop singlents of the pic industry or Hollywood and the pro-sporting industry would contend that they are simply providing for a demand. These two industries do provide for Americans some of the most enjoyed and popular forms of entertainment in our society to mean solar d ay. These industries non only provide earnings to the actors and athletes but also provide jobs to many another(prenominal) Americans as well. Like any winning industry, those who provide the primary service of process to that industry will in turn be rewarded appropriately for their contributions to its success. Both actors and pro-athletes would argue that attaining their current level of success was not easy as these jobs are very competitive.Also, there are many times huge expectations to perform and stress that tot up with the job and the celebrity status. several(prenominal) pro-athletes such as football players, would also argue that after they retire, their physical condition has declined much earlier in life due to years of physical trauma and injury and performing in other jobs post-career is many times difficult.As I wrote earlier, there are arguments from both sides of the spectrum. Lets dumb implant to analyze from the other viewpoint not ignoring the other side s arguments and include some of the fundamental and sociological reasons of our need and demand for entertainment. Looking back up to the era of the Roaring 20s in which America was enjoying a period of sustained economic prosperity, the average American could at a higher level afford to enjoydifferent forms of entertainment than previously. This ushered in a new era and cultural dynamic which emphasized organized sports, theatre, and film. Since this era, America has seen economic depression, recession and crisis, but has still remained the wealthiest country in the world.Due to this, the entertainment culture that was created roughly 100 years ago still exists today, and the demand for it continues to grow. all(prenominal) year more and new gaming devices, games, videos, movies, and television shows are released. Likewise the costs of these products and devices continues to go up. The unfortunate side to this is that it has created a more sedentary life style and culture of eve ryday America, and in turn attributing to issues as obesity amongst both children and adults. Regardless, we have developed and created this culture with the associated increased demand for this form of entertainment, and the industry is goose egg more than happy to oblige us in providing it. In a study conducted by USA TODAY and Statista of top paid Hollywood actors, it found that Robert Downey Jr. earned over $75 million in a one year timeframe from June 2012-June 2013. Much of his earnings were a result of his roles in both The Avengers and Ironman 3, with The Avengers alone grossing $1.51 billion in box office sales making it the highest grossing movie of 2012 worldwide. Liam Neeson who was ranked as the 10th top earner, grossed over $32 million in the same timeframe. consort to the Daily News, Samuel L. Jackson is titled with being the highest grossing actor of all time with earnings of $7.42 billion throughout his film career. Floyd Mayweather Jr. who is a pro-boxer has earne d a total of $90 million in 2013 from winnings alone, making him the top pro-athlete earner according to Sports Illustrated. Mayweather has achieved such a high status that it is common for him to have a guaranteed win-or-lose purse of around 30 million per fight. Pro-basketball player Lebron James who is at number two in the rankings, earned over $17 million in salary and a staggering $39 million in endorsements alone for 2013. The list goes on and on with astronomical numbers that get higher and higher each year in passing.There is essentially a fundamental question that is raised in regards to all of this, What individual is simply worth that much? The services provided by these individuals is simply for entertainment alone. What is provideddoes not contribute to the functionality or betterment of our society. There was a time when acting or professional sports were a second job in which an individual would perform due to their love for the sport or art. subsequently all, a spor t is something that is played for enjoyment by the rest of us because it is enjoyable. They get paid millions while the rest of us do it for fun. Being the reign Green Bay Packer fan that I am, I scream and yell and root for my team as hard as or harder than the other fans. When my team loses or Aaron Rodgers has a bad game I can find myself feeling down and upset. Some fans feel as if their whole day or week is ruined if their favorite team loses. I think it is they that always have the last laugh. At the end of the day he or she is disappointed but regardless theyre still making millions. When Mayweather has a bad fight, he still takes home his $30 million. In a way we are all pawns in their game, and we are always the losers.As we look at wealth distribution in the U.S., many of these actors and athletes fall into the wealthiest 10% of Americans. According to James M. Henslin in Essentials of Sociology, 70% of our nations wealth is owned by this top 10%. To break this down even more, the top one percent owns 1/3 of all U.S. assets. The average per capita income in the U.S. is only $42,000 per year (194). The other 90% who is the fan base that provides the majority of the income of these actors and athletes, are sightedness this income gap continue to widen. Even with the recent recession in our economy, the rich as a whole statistically remain unaffected. The rich get richer and the brusk get poorer. The strong middle class that once was the backbone of our economy is slowly diminishing and sliding to the left. This middle class are the firefighters, police officers, and service members who protect and serve our communities and country. They are the structure of society who provide strength and functionality and who ultimately serve to the betterment of us all. There is much debate on how wealth should be distributed. A capitalist society has proven for the U.S. to be effective and be partially credited with building the foundation of all of the wealth a nd creating the richest country in the world.Completely socialist societies have proven in history to be a failure. Typically there is a Darwin Effect of excerpt of the Fittest which dominates. There obviouslyneeds to be some middle ground here, but finding a solution is difficult. In this case of actors and athletes, I believe us as the consumer and their supporters have the power to control this huge inequality and disparity by saying, Enough is enough and demand that some rationale come into play. Paying these individuals this much money is simply ridiculous in my opinion. Fundamentally we as a society should give value to those professions which serve us in a way that promotes a more sustainable society.Works CitedFortunate 50 Sports Illustrated13 Apr 2014. WEBHenslin, James. Essentials of Sociology A Down to Earth Approach. EdwardsvilleSouthern Illinois University. Print. one-seventh Edition.Maitland, Sashana, Samuel L. Jackson named highest-grossing actor, DAILY NEWS 25 Oct 2 011, WEB, 13 Apr 14Maria Puente, Robert Downey Jr. is highest-paid actor, USA TODAY 13 Apr 2014, WEB, Jul 2013Best-paid Hollywood actors of 2012/2013, Statista13 Apr 2014, WEB

Albert Bandura-social cognitive learning theories

Essay 4 Pieter van Rooyen 17333652 Albert bandura can be regarded as one of the close to weighty representatives of social cognitive learning theories. Hes theory on data-based learning (learning by observing behavior) is the single most important contour line of learning. He argues that people learn most of their behavior through observation and only a little through direct contact. The reason for this is the complexity of most behavior, and that this cant be learned through verbal instructions.This essay will focus on the principles of data-based learning, highlight the enduringness and weaknesses, and also how observational learning can promote positive intergroup relations on campus at the University of Stellenbosch. Observation is a common learning tool and many, if not most do it unconsciously. The term beating is used to describe this. This is when an percipient observes the behavior of a sit and then repeats the behavior. There are a few factors that influence this obs ervational learning.They are the nature of the modeled behavior, the characteristics of the model, the characteristics of the observer, the publication of the models behavior and the self-efficacy perception of the observer. The nature of the modeled behavior refers to the actual behavior. The situation in which the behavior takes place and if it is naked as a jaybird or old behavior. New behavior attracts more attention than old behavior. The characteristics of the model plays an important role in observation learning.This includes age, sex, race and status. A model with high status is more likely to be imitated. The observers characteristics also play a major role in learning parvenue behavior. The motivation and interests of the observer as well as the values and self-confidence has a major impact on the selection of models to imitate. An important factor is the result of the models behavior to determine whom to imitate. The reward gained from a certain behavior is a major mot ivator to imitate behavior.The final factor, the self-efficacy perception of the observer means that the observer needs to believe in his own capabilities to reproduce behavior. One cant try to imitate an Olympic gymnast if you dont believe you can. The strength of Banduras observational learning theory is that it gives a clear and accurate picture of how behavior is learnt. We can clearly see that adults and children copy each differents behavior in certain situations. Strength to his theory is that it can be applied to real world problems, like cultural gaps or slump problems at school level.This could mean that proper behavior can result large scale spays among people if only more people model the secure behavior. One of the clear weaknesses in the observational learning theory is that too much emphasis is placed on what happens to the observer after he imitates the model rather that what the observer actually does with the information gained from the model. Intergroup relati ons at the University of Stellenbosch can really benefit from positive social behavior.When one social group sees other social group, regardless of race, gender, age or religion act in a positive and uplifting manner and reap rewarding results from this, this could lead to change in the former social group. Even more, if this is done properly, it can quickly spread and even more social groups can bring on change, branch in their own group then by modeling it, change another group. This can defiantly lead to a positive change on Stellenbosch campus.

An Analysis of Sainsbury’s Supermarkets Ltd and the Effect of the Credit Crunch on Its Performance

Dissertation Proposal An compendium of Sainsburys supermarkets Ltd and the effect of the cite crunch on its carrying out Year 1 Course codeMN5251 Assignment No 1 Programme Title MSc International Management Candidate No 0901143 TABLE OF CONTENTS design 3BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 3 AIMS OF THE RESEARCH PROJECT.. 4 LITERATURE REVEIW.. 5 methodological abbreviation 6 PROPOSED CHAPTER HEADINGS 7 REFERECES 8 APPENDIX 9 1. existenceThis sermon seeks to project Sainsburys supermarkets plc (Sainsburys) as a company and how they elicit use their established brand to branch out and gain dominance growth in the attention, and to explore how they be coping with the late deferred payment crunch. Sainsburys has come a long way from being the market needer to dropping to the third berth which it is struggling to maintain. This can be attri simplyed to a series of wrong decisions and lack of foresight leading to their current struggles. They suffered from poor solicitude i n the past and this has reflected on their effort to catch up with the manufacturing leaders. In addition, because of the recent credit crunch, banks vex cut back on lending to both individuals and firms thereby swaying consumers to contend cheaper products and curb their expenditures.A question springs to mind prior to the crisis, supermarkets have passed on rising food prices to consumers but now to a greater extent than ever prices be low, so why the sudden change in tactics? Small businesses ar going to a lower place due to lack of finance which hinders them from competing and offering low prices but this loss to confederation becomes a gain to the big supermarkets. Does this mean that the supermarket industry has less risk than other industries or has the supermarket industry adjusted strategically to cope with the global downturn? 2. Background of the study Sainsburys supermarket, a supplemental of J Sainsbury plc was first opened in 1869 and is one of UKs most reputa ble stores.They own 509 supermarkets and 276 stratagem stores around the UK according to their website and are best known for their quality products that are priced fairly. It operates as an oligopoly where only some firms in the industry have volume of the market shares. Historically they have had the advantage of been in the industry a lot longer than its competitors who have now taken over in both performance and market share. Over a consecutive three month period ending in June 2008, Sainsburys reported 3. 4% growth in like-for-like gross revenue which exclude fuel. They have recently boosted their basics cultivate in order to meet the growing take on and attract modern customers.They have promoted their brand with the aid of celebrity chef Jamie Oliver In the current economic climate, the supermarket industry seems not to be affected financially by the lack of global credit but they have had to change their operations strategically to meet the demand of customers in the recent economic downturn. The food industry runs a low risk trade because majority of its products are necessities unlike other industries such as the banking sector who have suffered greatly from the credit crunch e. g. Lehman brothers. Across the continent and the UK, supermarkets have not been adversely affected by the economic crisis. Contrary to the recent events, the supermarket industry has in general employed more staff globally than any other sector. E. g. Asda has assure to employ 7000 new workers in 2009 (BBC), Tesco also plans to take up 10,000 new workers (Sky News).Some of the supermarkets are fashioning plans to expand and open new stores in the current economic climate impaired with lack of credit. Companies have had to improve efficiency in order to minimise their cost and to increase profitability. 3. The Aims of the research communicate are to Provide an assessment and summary of Sainsburys supermarkets plc -using financial, operational and business performan ce abridgment to compare them against their competitors. break up its position in the industry before and during the credit crunch they are currently experiencing increased sales during a recession. Investigate the reasons why Sainsburys is not the market leader they were the pioneers of the industry and now they are struggling to maintain third position ranking. Put together recommendations for Sainsburys on opportunities available to them that could lead to potential growth and increase customer loyalty suggest possible solutions and strategies that could help rebrand and reposition them in the industry. Personal aims include Gaining more knowledge and skills in performing research through various techniques. substitute a compulsory component to secure an MSc degree in International Management. The objectives of the research project are to Evaluate the supermarket industry. Examine the role of Sainsburys in the industry. Establish if there are salve market growth opp ortunities. Accessing the impact of the credit crunch on the industry. Reason behind the recent increase in sales during the credit crunch. The effectiveness of their marketing strategy and its impact on their sales. The role and contributions of operations to Sainsburys. 4. Literature Review and limitations of the study Sainsburys has recently been losing customers to discount stores like Aldi and Lidl who offer lower place products at cheap prices and since then the company has rebranded and improved on its financial and operational performance but has still not caught up with the market leader. Their own brand basics is a core forcefulness to the business but they seen to be losing the battle of drawing consumers to purchase upscale and premium products from them.Sainsburys grew quickly after its first store was opened but suffered great losses after the Second humans War when turnover fell drastically but the company evolved and grew once again till they experient a chan ge in management style in 1992. David Sainsbury and his successors made great decision mistakes under their administration including the rejection of branching into non-food retailing amongst others. During this downturn, their competitors grew rapidly. An opportunity that needs s to be explored is the increase in demand for organic products while striving to minimise the threat of their lack of international market exposure. It is important to promontory out that porters 5 forces has some weakness of been static, lacks guidance on how to define an industry and not prior looking.With these flaws, it is also considered to be a useful tool in divulgeing threats to profitability, strategic planning to outperform rivals and helps to identify less competitive segments. A limitation to the report will be the sample size utilise which will be small compared to the total population and maybe income, age and taste sensitive. The result from the analyse will be biased because it will be focused in the south west land of the UK and only few stores will be used. 5. Methodology and methods The research aims will be achieved with a faction of primary and secondary research 5. 1 Literature review The research method will be reviewing the literature on the supermarket industry with its focus being on Sainsburys.This will be achieved from the use of secondary data tranquil from textbooks and journals through Royal Holloway university library and other relevant resources including the use of commercial databases and earnings search engines. The dissertation will adopt a case study method. 5. 2 selective information solicitation and sample This report will use qualitative and quantitative data as sources of primary research. An analysis of original documents will be utilised including carrying out a small sample survey of 30 individuals each for Sainsburys and its competitors. This will entail the use of questionnaires with closed questions imputed into Statistical Pac kage for the Social Sciences (SPSS). telecommunicate and face-to-face interviewing techniques will also be used based on having good and reliable contacts within the companies.Data will also be self- ingested from electronic sources, books, journal articles news achieves and interviews to. 5. 3 Data analysis A categorisation approach will be adopted where all data collected are grouped according the topic area best suited for its analysis. This report will examine the financial and operational performance of Sainsburys in comparison with its competitors. The use of financial information gathered from secondary research, Sainsburys and its competitors (such as audited reports) which are less biased will be used to amount of money the performance of the business. The financial performance will be quantifyd using the following Ratio analysis, Competitor analysis and Financial statements.The operational performance will be analysed by studying the following Distribution networks, harvesting quality, Pricing strategies, Promotion strategies and Store location. The report will use the 4-stage model theory to rate the position of Sainsburys operation. This will determine where they fit into the model and how to further develop other aspects of their processes which could act as a support to gaining competitive advantage. Strategic analysis theory will be used to evaluate the strategic position of Sainsburys in the supermarket industry. These theories will include Swot analysis, Pest analysis, Porters five forces and Risk analysis. The SourcesSainsburys website, Tesco, Asda and Morrisons website, Textbooks, Journals, The World Wide Web, Databases, Royal Holloway University, News achieves and MINTEL. 6. Proposed chapter headings Chapter 1 Introduction Chapter 2 Background Chapter 3 Literature review Chapter 4 Methodology Chapter 5 Research results and analysis Chapter 6 Conclusion and recommendations References and appendices References Collin Fisher 2007. Resear ching and Writing a Dissertation A Guidebook for Business Students. scholar Hall BBC online Asda creating 7,000 new UK jobs http//news. bbc. co. uk/1/hi/business/7855482. stm Accessed 28/01/2009 Datamonitor, August 2008. Company set off Sainsburys http//web. ebscohost. com/ehost/pdf? id=22&hid=16&sid=fc656bea-c31c-4043-bbc3-82640ca0cf52%40sessionmgr7 www. sainsburys. co. uk Wheelwright, S. and Hayes, R. (1985) Competing through manufacturing in Harvard Business Review, (Jan-Feb), pp. 99-109. Sky News Tesco to create 10,000 new jobs http//news. sky. com/skynews/Home/Business/Tesco-To-Create-10000-Jobs-But-Posts-Poor-Christmas-Sales-Figures/Article/200901215202210. Accessed 20/01/2009 Appendix Timetable of dissertation 30th of January, 2009 proposal deadline February 2009 hebdomad 1-2 collect literature papers work week 3-4 review research methods literature and research strategy March 2009 week 1-2 design questionnaires forms week 3-4 examine literature review April 2009 week 1 -4 contact company to make assigning schedules week 3-4 revise the questions of questionnaires May 2009 week 2-3 formal proceeding with questionnaires week 4 final assemblage of questionnaire and analyse of primary data from the case company June 2009 week 1-4 start writing dissertation week 1-4 keep refining dissertation writing and start to finalise dissertation write up July 2009 week 4 start proofreading, finalise dissertation write up week 4 buffer for adventure and start up the plan of dissertation binding August 2009 week 1 finalise dissertation binding week 2 preparation for submission deadline

Countermeasures to Automobile-Exhaust Pollution Essay

The human race motor vehicle population exceeds 1 billion units at the moment. These vehicles argon utilise for transferralation of tribe and products across various places round the world. As a result, they emit many pollutants. This is attributable to the action of their engines eager fuel to release energy, which is an inefficient process. Firstly, they release particulate matter consisting of both organic and inorganic substances into the atmosphere, by means of exhaust emissions. Secondly, they release Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), which down carcinogenic effects. Pollution from vehicles is a univers t out ensembley adjudge problem.However, it varies depending on the nation and its population. For example, defilement from cars contributes to between 50 to 90 percent of the total in urban argonas. This whitethorn not be the same for rural areas. However, motor vehicles still present a prejudice to the environment and human life. It is, therefore, prudent to develo p countermeasures to automobile-exhaust pollution. Most of the worlds vehicles are operated on customary hydrocarbons much(prenominal) as diesel and mess upoline. By switching to fuel that maintains less pollution, the environmental advert of vehicles give the axe be minimized.An alternative fuel technology that has the potential to meet this challenge is fuel cells. In this technology, henry has maintained the best promise as a candidate to replace petroleum-based fuels. This technology utilizes hydrogen blow out to create electricity. This electrical energy is converted to mechanical energy through an electric motor, which licks the wheels of an automobile to rotate. In this process, the emissions developed are pure water, Carbon (IV) Oxide and various oxides of nitrogen. This emissions are attributable to difficulties in storage and technical deed.Despite the release of oxides of carbon and nitrogen into the strip, hydrogen fuel cells have a smaller mark on the envir onment, when compared to conventional gasoline engines. However, such(prenominal) inefficiencies can be eliminated through manipulation of concrete, as researched by a study at the Univer twity of Eindhoven (Yirka npp). The easiest method for manufacturing hydrogen gas at the moment haves mining fogey fuels, which has an environmental impact in its own right. However, new production techniques such as bacteria and biomass take are expected to become conventional in the coming years.This entrust inhibit the environmental impact of fuel cells, since the technology will lower oxides released into the air (Katsuhiko 3371). A hydrogen fuel cell whole grazes by the introduction of hydrogen at the cathode and oxygen at the anode. In the process, water is released out. Anions and cations from the cell are harnessed at the respective terminals, and energy is released. Hydrogen has a high energy content of around 150MJ/Kg or 61,100 BTUs per pound. This exceeds gasoline and its 20,900 BTUs of energy per pound. High energy content implies that less fuel is postulate to maintain the same amount of power in engines, or to travel the same distances.Similarly, it has a higher(prenominal)(prenominal) efficacy when enjoymentd in combustion engines. Advanced hybrid engines such as that of the Prius maintain an efficiency of or so 40% (Potera 38). However, hydrogen has an efficiency of about 75% when apply as the l unmatchable spring of fuel. This efficiency means that greater distances can be c everyplaceed with less purpose of energy. However, introduction of additive hydrogen fuel cell cars has been hampered by infrastructural issues. There are limited facilities that cater fuelling to conventional commuters inside their localities (Katsuhiko 3369).There are many electric cars (EVs) on modern roads. Examples may be seen from Teslas roadster and the Nissan Leaf car. These vehicles release virtually no emissions to the environment, therefore are a ascendant t o automobile-exhaust problems. This is attributable to their engines, which do not burn fossil fuels in order to release energy. Electric cars use sets of linked batteries as their primary source of energy. These energy sources comprise materials such as lithium, lead and nickel-metal hyd sexs. These batteries typically consist of thousands of cells such as the lithium-ion type.They store energy that has been harnessed from electrical outlets at home, or the recharging stations that are order in some major cities. In the example of the Model S, the vehicle is charged through a high power wall charger. This device is replenishes the batteries around twice as fast as conventional power outlet would manage. Electric batteries are used to operate e reallything in the vehicle. They are used to run a controller which serves to run an electric motor. This motor is what rotates the wheels in EVs. by means of recent breakthroughs in manufacturing, EV batteries can be mass-produced.There ar e now lower costs of ownership and guardianship to the consumer, when compared to the past. Batteries have a very high energy density, when compared to fuel cells. As a result, they offer higher mileage than traditional fuels. The Tesla Model S abides a good example of mileage. It can manage about 300 miles of travel at a speed of 55 miles per hour, out of its lithium ion batteries. Even conventional lead-acid batteries allow a range of 80 miles. EVs are characterized by high torque and low speeds. They are, therefore, very useful for usage within cities, where many vehicles are located in smaller vicinities than rural areas.They will help in smother urban pollution since they do not release exhaust into the environment. The production of EVs often has higher environmental pollution than conventional cars (Lave and Hendrickson et al. 993995). Improvements in production are needed for the solution of such issues. However, the usage of such vehicles is limited by infrastructural i ssues, just as the hydrogen fuel cells. As a result, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has highlighted that besides 4,000 EVs are currently running on American roads. This contrasts to gasoline-based vehicles which are in the millions.New breakthroughs in charging and fuel range are required for such EVs to get hold of critical mass of commuters. The larger the distance a vehicle is bmn, the more pollutants it releases to the environment. According to the EPA, over one third of smog emissions are attributable to vehicle use in urban areas. However, more large number have taken to the roads since the 1970s. Similarly, they have driven for longer miles hence attenuated the pollution problem. This has only served to attenuate the problem at hand. People usually drive for many reasons. Firstly, it may be as a means for arriving at work.Secondly, they do it to access leisure areas such as parks. Thirdly, they drive to shop centers to do their groceries. There are ways that concourse can drive fewer miles while accomplishing all these needs. Firstly, they can involve themselves in carpools. This refers to the share-out of cars on journeys, between different masses, such that several people drive in one car simultaneously. This is useful in that lower miles are collectively driven, hence reduced environmental pollution from exhausts. Through carpooling, people can get to work or promiscuous places without inconveniences such as fuel costs, long drives and pollution.Carpooling is possible through websites, apps and pickup points. Use of public transport vehicles also achieves the same effect. People should use buses and other public transport means, whenever possible. Secondly, people can reduce the environmental footprint of their cars by combining errands into a single trip. This is especially useful in the facial expression of families that own multiple cars. Instead of sending different people to pick up items needed by the family, one vehicle may be used to collect all these items. Shopping often requires the use of vehicles, since the luggage may be overbearing.In that respect, pollution can be reduced through use of the efficient e-commerce platforms such as Amazon. Individuals are able to meet their shopping needs while trim back their environmental footprint. The use of trucks for shipping goods is also useful since it allows collectively leaner environmental emissions when compared to many cars operated by shoppers. The internet has allowed various individuals to work at home. Similarly, it has enabled people to telecommute. It would, therefore, be environmentally beneficial if people used these tools instead of driving to work on each applicable day.These measures also reduce congestion in calling. There will be fewer vehicles on the road, thus fewer delays that accumulate into environmental pollution through release of exhausts. In the modern world, settlement has been defined by work and educational opportunities. For example, people try to live as close to work as is comfortably possible. This has been attributable to efforts in minify travel times, as well as associated fuel costs. According to the United States Census authorisation (npp), over 10 million Americans travel an hour each way to work. This has provided a challenge to the countrys urban planners and engineers.There has been a trend in altering commuting patterns through development of areas that provide walkable communities. This concept implies areas that require less outfit battlefronts in order to get around (Fullerton & Gan 303). Through walkable communities, commuters would be able to reduce their environmental footprints as they get around. Residential, leisure, business and industries are developed in a common area such that people get to each point devoid of cars. Alongside reduction of pollution, the quality of life is also improved for people residing in such locations, since they are able to exercise.Through use of alternative fuels, environmental emissions can be reduced. However, arguably the best approach to reducing such wastes would be an alteration of driving habits. In that respect, an effective method for reducing both fuel consumption and environmental emission would be a reduction in vehicle idle time. When people sit in their cars while their engine runs, they release exhaust just as they were driving. This happens during conditions such as traffic among others. In that respect, it would be prudent if people learn to switch of their engines in such circumstances.Manufacturers should also carry out the start-stop systems across a wider range of cars. This will allow engines to switch off, when the cars are stationary. By stepping on the gas pedal, vehicles are able to start their engines immediately. This reduces the annoyances associated by drivers to starting their engines again. Cars of the past featured inefficient engines. They released more particulate wastes into the envi ronment, while consuming more fuel than contemporary variants. However, some of these cars are still in helping today.Despite good maintenance, older vehicles become less efficient than their original state. . Drivers should be encouraged to drive newer vehicles. For example, modern cars such as the Prius offer nearly triple the efficiency of older cars, in hurt of fuel consumption and environmental consumption. Newer cars also adhere to modern emission controls that are set by the EPA and other responsible bodies (Dennis-Parks 799). In the United States, public back breaker policy has been left to local politics in cities and towns. As a result, the country lacks a homogenized transportation system.Schedules for buses and trains have difficulties in cosmos followed. These systems are also characterized by slow speeds of movement. This has created frustration among users, who view cars as efficient modes of transportation. Similarly, American close has often painted a tainted picture on public transport systems. The car has been visualized as a symbol of achievement. The converse has been applied for transport systems such as buses. The American universe Transport Association states that usage of public transportation results into miserlinesss of over 35 million calculated tons of Carbon (IV) Oxide on an annual basis.By switching to public transport for the average American round trip of 20, miles daily, an individual is able to reduce their annual emissions by over 4,000 pounds (Fullerton & Gan 303, 304). Going to work is one of the key reasons behind owning a car in the United States. In that respect, companies can make a significant contribution to the efforts against environmental pollution. Firstly, they can provide shuttle bus go to their employees. In that respect, they can purchase or hire buses that will pick up and drop off employees at designated points, on each work day.This will assist in reducing vehicle emissions due to ride sharing. This can be seen through Google, which operates shuttle services for its employees. Secondly, companies can post ride-share boards in their premises. This will allow employee who live close to each other to commute on a single vehicle, thus saving fuel and the environment. Some companies have also assisted employees through creation of car cooperatives. These are services that allow employees to rent cars from a set location. In return, the employees pay small fees for their use of the cars.Such systems are very useful for people working in inner city districts, who need cars only on a rare occasion. This encourages them to use public and shared transport, as opposed to personal vehicles. It is estimated that the global urban population will almost double by the mid-21st century. As a result, alternate means of transportation need to be crafted for the urban populations. The use of motorized vehicles will only result into further environmental pollution in such areas. Urban dwellers will consequently be exposed to poor health and effects such as smog.In that respect, local authorities need to establish policies that encourage non-motorized commuting. motorbike sharing programs are similar to car cooperatives, only that they are not characterized by polluting effects (Fullerton & Gan 301). opposite cities have made attempts at bike sharing programs. However, they are not meant to eliminate the use of motorized transport completely. Public transport and cars is used for commuting to centralized locations, where bicycles can then be accessed for movement within urban areas. Errands that exist within a radius of one mile are realistic by foot.Similarly, bikes are useful for errands within five miles, which characterizes the inner city. Various cities around the world have embraced such measures. For example, the Chinese cities of Beijing and Shanghai have bike sharing programs that have operated very well. Cities may also embrace some measures, which may be ra ther draconian. For example, cars whose registration ends with odd numbers may be allowed access to roads on particular days of the week. This measure will allow a curtailment of excessive vehicles on roads. Similarly, it will encourage ride sharing programs.Cars have an impact on environmental pollution, especially in the urban context. In that respect, several measures can be observed, in the efforts of reducing exhaust emissions. New technologies such as hydrogen fuel cells and EVs will be useful in reducing emissions such as the oxides of carbon and nitrogen. However, of greater use is the adoption of efficient driving habits by commuters. Car manufacturers also have a role in the reduction of emissions. By rolling out start-stop technology to all cars, high environmental savings can be recorded.Driving to work is an significant part of many American lives. Companies can assist in environmental efforts by providing their workers with ride sharing and shuttle facilities. Compani es such as Google and Apple present a good example of how this can be implemented. Similarly, local authorities and urban planners have an important role in designing cities that will require little use of motorized vehicles. Through implementation of such measures, massive savings on environmental pollutants can be recorded.Works Cited Dennis-Parks, Reda M. Instructing the EPA How to Regulate Vehicle Emmissions. Ecology LQ, 30. (2003) 799. Print. Fullerton, Don and Li Gan. Cost-effective policies to reduce vehicle emissions. American Economic Review, 95. 2 (2005) 300304. Print. Hirose, Katsuhiko. Materials towards carbon-free, emission-free and oil-free mobility hydrogen fuel-cell vehiclesnow and in the future. Philosophical minutes of the Royal Society A Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences, 368. 1923 (2010) 33653377. Print. Lave, Lester B, Chris T Hendrickson and Francis Clay Mcmichael. Environmental implications of electric cars.Science(Washington), 268. 5213 (1995 ) 993995. Print. Potera, Carol. beyond batteries portable hydrogen fuel cells. Environmental Health Perspectives, 115. 1 (2007) 38. Print. United States Census Bureau. Megacommuters 600,000 in U. S. expedition 90 Minutes and 50 Miles to Work, and 10. 8 Million Travel an Hour Each Way, Census Bureau Reports American Community Survey (ACS) Newsroom U. S. Census Bureau. Census. gov, 2013. Web. 2 Dec 2013. . Yirka, Bob. Researchers find treating pavement with titanium oxide reduces air pollution. Phys. org, 2013. Web. 2 Dec 2013. .